KoaJS教程

Koa.js RESTful API

要创建移动应用程序、单页应用程序、使用 AJAX 调用并向客户端提供数据,您需要一个 API。关于如何构建和命名这些 API 和端点的流行架构风格称为 REST(代表性传输状态)。 HTTP 1.1 的设计考虑了 REST 原则。 Roy Fielding 于 2000 年在他的论文 Fielding Dissertation 中介绍了 REST。
RESTful URI 和方法为我们提供了处理请求所需的几乎所有信息。下表总结了应如何使用各种动词以及应如何命名 URI。我们将在最后创建一个电影 API,所以让我们讨论一下它的结构。
方法 URI 详情 功能
GET /movies 安全、可缓存 获取所有电影及其详细信息的列表
GET /movies/1234 安全、可缓存 获取电影id 1234的详细信息
POST /movies 不适用 创建一个提供详细信息的新电影。响应包含此新创建资源的 URI。
PUT /movies/1234 幂等 修改电影 ID 1234(如果它不存在则创建一个)。响应包含此新创建资源的 URI。
DELETE /movies/1234 幂等 电影 id 1234 应该被删除,如果它存在的话。响应应包含请求的状态。
DELETE or PUT /movies 无效 应该是无效的。 DELETE 和 PUT 应指定它们正在处理的资源。
现在让我们在 Koa 中创建这个 API。我们将使用 JSON 作为我们的传输数据格式,因为它很容易在 JavaScript 中使用并且有很多其他好处。用以下内容替换您的 index.js 文件-

索引.JS

var koa = require('koa');
var router = require('koa-router');
var bodyParser = require('koa-body');
var app = koa();
//Set up body parsing middleware
app.use(bodyParser({
   formidable:{uploadDir: './uploads'},
   multipart: true,
   urlencoded: true
}));
//Require the Router we defined in movies.js
var movies = require('./movies.js');
//Use the Router on the sub route /movies
app.use(movies.routes());
app.listen(3000);
现在我们已经设置了应用程序,让我们专注于创建 API。首先设置movies.js 文件。我们没有使用数据库来存储电影,而是将它们存储在内存中,因此每次服务器重新启动时,我们添加的电影都会消失。这可以使用数据库或文件(使用 node fs 模块)轻松模拟。
导入koa-router,创建一个Router并使用module.exports导出。
var Router = require('koa-router');
var router = Router({
  prefix: '/movies'
});  //Prefixed all routes with /movies
var movies = [
   {id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1},
   {id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7},
   {id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9},
   {id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9}
];
//Routes will go here
module.exports = router;

获取路由

定义获取所有电影的 GET 路由。
router.get('/', sendMovies);
function *sendMovies(next){
   this.body = movies;
   yield next;
}
就是这样。要测试这是否工作正常,请运行您的应用程序,然后打开您的终端并输入-
curl-i-H "Accept: application/json"-H "Content-Type: application/json"-X GET localhost:3000/movies
您将收到以下回复-
[{"id":101,"name":"Fight 
Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1},{"id":102,"name":"Inception","year":2010,"rating":8.7},
{"id":103,"name":"The Dark Knight","year":2008,"rating":9},{"id":104,"name":"12 Angry 
Men","year":1957,"rating":8.9}]
我们有获取所有电影的途径。现在让我们创建一个通过 id 获取特定电影的路由。
router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', sendMovieWithId);
function *sendMovieWithId(next){
   var ctx = this;
   var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){
      if(movie.id == ctx.params.id){
         return true;
      }
   });
   if(currMovie.length == 1){
      this.body = currMovie[0];
   } else {
      this.response.status = 404;//Set status to 404 as movie was not found
      this.body = {message: "Not Found"};
   }
   yield next;
}
这将根据我们提供的 ID 为我们获取电影。要对此进行测试,请在终端中使用以下命令。
curl-i-H "Accept: application/json"-H "Content-Type: application/json"-X GET localhost:3000/movies/101
你会得到这样的回复-
{"id":101,"name":"Fight Club","year":1999,"rating":8.1}
如果你访问一个无效的路由,它会产生一个无法获取的错误,而如果你访问一个具有不存在的 id 的有效路由,它会产生一个 404 错误。
我们已经完成了 GET 路由。现在,让我们继续 POST 路由。

POST 路由

使用以下路由处理 POSTed 数据。
router.post('/', addNewMovie);
function *addNewMovie(next){
   //Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
   if(!this.request.body.name || 
      !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || 
      !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){
      
      this.response.status = 400;
      this.body = {message: "Bad Request"};
   } else {
      var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1;
      
      movies.push({
         id: newId,
         name: this.request.body.name,
         year: this.request.body.year,
         rating: this.request.body.rating
      });
      this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId};
   }
   yield next;
}
这将创建一个新电影并将其存储在电影变量中。要测试这条路线,请在您的终端中输入以下内容-
curl-X POST--data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5" 
https://localhost:3000/movies
您将收到以下回复-
{"message":"New movie created.","location":"/movies/105"}
要测试这是否已添加到电影对象中,请再次运行/movies/105 的获取请求。您将收到以下回复-
{"id":105,"name":"Toy story","year":"1995","rating":"8.5"}
让我们继续创建 PUT 和 DELETE 路由。

PUT 路线

PUT 路由与 POST 路由几乎完全相同。我们将为要更新/创建的对象指定 id。按以下方式创建路线-
router.put('/:id', updateMovieWithId);
function *updateMovieWithId(next){
   //Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
   if(!this.request.body.name || 
      !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) || 
      !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) ||
      !this.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){
      
      this.response.status = 400;
      this.body = {message: "Bad Request"};
   } else {
      //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
      var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
         return movie.id;
      }).indexOf(parseInt(this.params.id));
      
      if(updateIndex ===-1){
         //Movie not found, create new movies.push({
            id: this.params.id,
            name: this.request.body.name,
            year: this.request.body.year,
            rating: this.request.body.rating
         });
         this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id};    
      } else {
         //Update existing movie
         movies[updateIndex] = {
            id: this.params.id,
            name: this.request.body.name,
            year: this.request.body.year,
            rating: this.request.body.rating
         };
         this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " updated.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id};
      }
   }
}
该路由将执行我们在上表中指定的功能。如果对象存在,它将用新的详细信息更新对象。如果它不存在,它将创建一个新对象。要测试此路由,请使用以下 curl 命令。这将更新现有电影。要创建新电影,只需将 id 更改为不存在的 id。
curl-X PUT--data "name = Toy%20story&year = 1995&rating = 8.5" 
https://localhost:3000/movies/101

回复

{"message":"Movie id 101 updated.","location":"/movies/101"}

删除路线

使用以下代码创建删除路由。
router.delete('/:id', deleteMovieWithId);
function *deleteMovieWithId(next){
   var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
      return movie.id;
   }).indexOf(this.params.id); //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
   
   if(removeIndex ===-1){
      this.body = {message: "Not found"};
   } else {
      movies.splice(removeIndex, 1);
      this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " removed."};
   }
}
按照我们为其他路线所做的相同方式测试路线。成功删除后(例如 id 105),您将获得-
{message: "Movie id 105 removed."}
最后,我们的 movies.js 文件看起来像-
var Router = require('koa-router');
var router = Router({
   prefix: '/movies'
});  //Prefixed all routes with /movies
var movies = [
   {id: 101, name: "Fight Club", year: 1999, rating: 8.1},
   {id: 102, name: "Inception", year: 2010, rating: 8.7},
   {id: 103, name: "The Dark Knight", year: 2008, rating: 9},
   {id: 104, name: "12 Angry Men", year: 1957, rating: 8.9}
];
//Routes will go here
router.get('/', sendMovies);
router.get('/:id([0-9]{3,})', sendMovieWithId);
router.post('/', addNewMovie);
router.put('/:id', updateMovieWithId);
router.delete('/:id', deleteMovieWithId);
function *deleteMovieWithId(next){
   var removeIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
      return movie.id;
   }).indexOf(this.params.id); //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
   
   if(removeIndex ===-1){
      this.body = {message: "Not found"};
   } else {
      movies.splice(removeIndex, 1);
      this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " removed."};
   }
}
function *updateMovieWithId(next) {
   //Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
   if(!this.request.body.name ||
      !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
      !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g) ||
      !this.params.id.toString().match(/^[0-9]{3,}$/g)){
      
      this.response.status = 400;
      this.body = {message: "Bad Request"};
   } else {
      //Gets us the index of movie with given id.
      var updateIndex = movies.map(function(movie){
         return movie.id;
      }).indexOf(parseInt(this.params.id));
      
      if(updateIndex ===-1){
         //Movie not found, create new
         movies.push({
            id: this.params.id,
            name: this.request.body.name,
            year: this.request.body.year,
            rating: this.request.body.rating
         });
         this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + this.params.id};
      } else {
         //Update existing movie
            movies[updateIndex] = {
            id: this.params.id,
            name: this.request.body.name,
            year: this.request.body.year,
            rating: this.request.body.rating
         };
         this.body = {message: "Movie id " + this.params.id + " updated.", 
            location: "/movies/" + this.params.id};
      }
   }
}
function *addNewMovie(next){
   //Check if all fields are provided and are valid:
   if(!this.request.body.name ||
      !this.request.body.year.toString().match(/^[0-9]{4}$/g) ||
      !this.request.body.rating.toString().match(/^[0-9]\.[0-9]$/g)){
      
      this.response.status = 400;
      this.body = {message: "Bad Request"};
   } else {
      var newId = movies[movies.length-1].id+1;
      
      movies.push({
         id: newId,
         name: this.request.body.name,
         year: this.request.body.year,
         rating: this.request.body.rating
      });
      this.body = {message: "New movie created.", location: "/movies/" + newId};
   }
   yield next;
}
function *sendMovies(next){
   this.body = movies;
   yield next;
}
function *sendMovieWithId(next){
   var ctx = this
   
   var currMovie = movies.filter(function(movie){
      if(movie.id == ctx.params.id){
         return true;
      }
   });
   if(currMovie.length == 1){
      this.body = currMovie[0];
   } else {
      this.response.status = 404;//Set status to 404 as movie was not found
      this.body = {message: "Not Found"};
   }
   yield next;
}
module.exports = router;
这完成了我们的 REST API。现在,您可以使用这种简单的架构风格和 Koa 创建更复杂的应用程序。
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